Karyotypes of 10 Anuran Species from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the highest and largest mountain plateau in world, which has become a focus area of amphibian biodiversity research conservation, depending on its large number endemic threatened species. Among 58 families Anura, only few species four (Megophryidae, Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ranidae) are distributed QTP. Revealing genetic diversity these crucial for their environmental adaptability conservation. Chromosome rearrangements critical source variation, recognized as driver speciation, providing material differentiation adaptation amphibians. Here, we identified karyotypes 10 above from were obtained new sites that not previously reported. them, D. himalayanus tetraploid B. zamdaensis reported first time. In particular, ploidy Zanda, China, was found to be distinctly different Spiti River, India. This indicates they have presented supports multiple complicated polyploidization events Bufotes toads. Furthermore, locations secondary constriction between Weixi Zhongdian populations O. xiangchengensis support there karyotypic variation two subspecies (O. vs. deqinicus). A series chromosomal variations may facilitated rapid evolution amphibians QTP, our study will provide further